# Somatosensory Cortex References

**URL:** <https://discourse.numenta.org/t/somatosensory-cortex-references/3212>\
**Category:** General Neuroscience\
**Created:** [December 29, 2017, 2:21am UTC](https://discourse.numenta.org/t/somatosensory-cortex-references/3212 "2017-12-29T02:21:50Z")\
**Posts on this page:** 4\
**Page:** 1

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**Author:** ![walkertalker](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/w/3da27b/32.png) [@walkertalker](https://discourse.numenta.org/u/walkertalker)\
**Post date:** [December 29, 2017, 2:21am UTC](https://discourse.numenta.org/t/somatosensory-cortex-references/3212/1 "2017-12-29T02:21:50Z")

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I know we already have a section dedicated to how HTM is implementing and wishes to integrate somatosensory IO into its algo. Yet, I think Let’s build a relevant reference list for studying neocortical somatosensory cortex. What I’m interested in is books (that you have read yourself), quality reviews (annualreviews), specific reviews (circuits, similarities/differences, neurochemistry), and theory and philosophy (embodied cognition), and maybe current implementations of bio-inspired somatosensory algo (or even pseudo ode). It’s easy to google these, but I don’t want an inundate of material but a minimal quality material.

After all, it’s getting increasingly clear that this may be the SOLE sense giving us our identity and intelligence, our sense of self. Many senses are not necessary for this. Through out history, people are Born blind and deaf and so it seems as if vision and hearing are not important for understanding the world (same can be said for Taste/Smell).

I,m also interested to know what are some other somatosensory linked senses that we might be missing. Like internal clocks, state of visceral organs, body heat, glucose levels, … Can we also find some quality material on these and their effects on cognition? (Typed on my phone, so ignore the typos)

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**Author:** ![Bitking](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.numenta.org/bitking/32/3099_2.png) [@Bitking](https://discourse.numenta.org/u/Bitking)\
**Post date:** [December 29, 2017, 6:09am UTC](https://discourse.numenta.org/t/somatosensory-cortex-references/3212/2 "2017-12-29T06:09:48Z")

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You may wish to start with the vestibular system.

> **[Vestibular Contributions to the Sense of Body, Self, and Others — Open MIND](https://open-mind.net/papers/vestibular-contributions-to-the-sense-of-body-self-and-others)**

  
I have a bunch of papers on the contributions of a stabilized platform (the vestibular system) as the starting point of self-reference - but you may wish to start with this one.

What happens if it is broken?

> **[Derealization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derealization)**
>
> Derealization is an alteration in the perception or experience of the external world so that it seems unreal. Other symptoms include feeling as though one's environment is lacking in spontaneity, emotional coloring, and depth. It is a dissociative symptom that may appear in moments of severe stress.
> Derealization is a subjective experience of unreality of the outside world, while depersonalization is sense of unreality in one's personal self, although most authors currently do not regard dereali...

This is closely related to Depersonalization:

> **[Depersonalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization)**
>
> Depersonalization can consist of a detachment within the self, regarding one's mind or body, or being a detached observer of oneself. Subjects feel they have changed and that the world has become vague, dreamlike, less real, lacking in significance or being outside reality while looking in.\[not verified in body\] Chronic depersonalization refers to depersonalization/derealization disorder, which is classified by the DSM-5 as a dissociative disorder, based on the findings that depersonalizati Thoug...

Update: I did a little digging and ran across this text. Considering the question you are asking about the system organization of the motor system I think you will be interested in the diagram on page 222 of this book. Sorry - not open source; perhaps available from the library?

> **[Neurophysiology: A Conceptual Approach, Fifth Edition](https://routledgetextbooks.com/textbooks/9781444135176/)**

  
 ![Posture control system](https://canada1.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/uploads/numenta/original/2X/6/6634e70a9fd9ef17ca4bf1ce11971ad1071921a4.png)

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**Author:** ![Bitking](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.numenta.org/bitking/32/3099_2.png) [@Bitking](https://discourse.numenta.org/u/Bitking)\
**Post date:** [December 29, 2017, 6:37am UTC](https://discourse.numenta.org/t/somatosensory-cortex-references/3212/4 "2017-12-29T06:37:13Z")

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The sense of the body starts with the vestibular system and continues using joint angles and postures, starting with the head:

> <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21873615>
>
> Head direction is a salient cue to the focus of other people's attention. Electrophysiology in macaques has shown head-selective cells in the superior temporal sulcus that are mostly tuned to different directions (up, down, left, right, front, back, etc.). However, there has been no systematic investigation into the visual representation of head direction in both the horizontal (left-right) and vertical (up-down) planes in humans. We addressed whether the coding of head direction is best accounted for by a multichannel system, with distinct pools of cells (or channels) tuned to different head views (i.e., left, right, direct, up, and down), or an opponent-coding system with two broadly tuned pools of cells responding to two extremes (i.e., left-right and up-down) and "direct" represented as the equilibrium state in the system. In a series of four experiments, we carried out two adaptation procedures for which multichannel and opponent coding predict distinct outcomes. The results support multichannel coding of head direction in both the vertical and horizontal axes.

  
[http://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/jn.00988.2002](http://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/jn.00988.2002)

Look at this description of the top end of the posture and motor control system in the basal ganglia. Note that this has taps from the vestibular system not mentioned in this article:

> **[How Basal Ganglia Outputs Generate Behavior](https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aneu/2014/768313/)**
>
> The basal ganglia (BG) are a collection of subcortical nuclei critical for voluntary behavior. According to the standard model, the output projections from the BG tonically inhibit downstream motor centers and prevent behavior. A pause in the BG...

Eventually, this works through the posture system and runs down the spine which is a powerful processor in its own right:

> <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25120435>
>
> Motoneurons provide the only conduit for motor commands to reach muscles. For many years, motoneurons were in fact considered to be little more than passive "wires". Systematic studies in the past 25 years however have clearly demonstrated that the intrinsic electrical properties of motoneurons are under strong neuromodulatory control via multiple sources. The discovery of potent neuromodulation from the brainstem and its ability to change the gain of motoneurons shows that the "passive" view of the motor output stage is no longer tenable. A mechanism for gain control at the motor output stage makes good functional sense considering our capability of generating an enormous range of forces, from very delicate (e.g., putting in a contact lens) to highly forceful (emergency reactions). Just as sensory systems need gain control to deal with a wide dynamic range of inputs, so to might motor output need gain control to deal with the wide dynamic range of the normal movement repertoire. Two problems emerge from the potential use of the brainstem monoaminergic projection to motoneurons for gain control. First, the projection is highly diffuse anatomically, so that independent control of the gains of different motor pools is not feasible. In fact, the system is so diffuse that gain for all the motor pools in a limb likely increases in concert. Second, if there is a system that increases gain, probably a system to reduce gain is also needed. In this review, we summarize recent studies that show local inhibitory circuits within the spinal cord, especially reciprocal and recurrent inhibition, have the potential to solve both of these problems as well as constitute another source of gain modulation.

And get out to the end effectors with feedback to perform sensor fusion in the cortex:

> <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964160>
>
> A touch on one hand can enhance the response to a visual stimulus delivered at a nearby location \[1, 2\], improving our interactions with the external world. In order to keep such visual-tactile spatial interactions effective, the brain updates the continuous postural changes, like those typically accompanying hand actions, through proprioception, thus maintaining the somatosensory and visual maps in spatial register \[2, 3\]. The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) might be critical for such a spatial remapping \[4\]; nevertheless, a direct causal demonstration of its involvement is lacking. Here, we found that unattended touches to one hand enhanced visual sensitivity for phosphenes induced by occipital trancranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) \[5\] when the touched hand was spatially coincident to the reported location of the phosphenes in external space. Notably, this spatially specific crossmodal facilitation was maintained after hand crossing, suggesting an efficient visual-tactile remapping. Critically, after 1 Hz repetitive TMS interference \[6\] over the PPC, but not over the primary somatosensory cortex, phosphene detection was still enhanced by spatially coincident touches with uncrossed hands, but it was enhanced by spatially noncoincident touches after hand crossing. This is the first causal evidence in humans that the PPC constantly updates the representation of the body in space in order to facilitate crossmodal interactions.

This large complicated control system is distributed over many parts of the neural system and has many different interacting parts; It’s not going to be all in the cortex.

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**Author:** ![Bitking](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.numenta.org/bitking/32/3099_2.png) [@Bitking](https://discourse.numenta.org/u/Bitking)\
**Post date:** [January 19, 2018, 12:15am UTC](https://discourse.numenta.org/t/somatosensory-cortex-references/3212/5 "2018-01-19T00:15:22Z")

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I bumped into this today. It seems nicely topical to your interest.  
This paper goes into good detail on how much of the heavy lifting is done by subcortical structures.

Functional Neuroanatomy for Posture and Gait Control - Kaoru Takakusaki

> **[jmd-16062.pdf](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5288669/pdf/jmd-16062.pdf)**
>
> 5.04 MB

Running the body is insanely complicated - and something that most nubie researchers discount as a minor detail.