The text that accompanies the pictures does a fair job of labeling the parts of this picture.
For the casual bystander the paper can be found here:
The green and blue squares show the input neighborhood for specific columns.
in the picture below, the diagram shows lines going down to an “input space.” Note the gray highlighted set of potential connections. This “receptive field” refers to the input area that the column is sampling.
The fuller set of pictures you took this from shows that two different types of defects are being simulated. The two columns are being tested for the cases of “loss of training” or “loss of input stimulus” in this example; one is that the trained connections are eliminated (KIlled by stroke) and the other is that the inputs to the sampling space are eliminated (lesion).
Training data like this is applied before these traumatic injuries:
The accompanying text explains how the green column responds/recovers after these insults. The green column is having to use the smaller remaining set of trained inputs or retrain with new added connections depending on the type of damage.